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CIPHER, an AI-powered CT foundation model, identifies patients with lung cancer at increased risk of immunotherapy-induced pneumonitis before treatment begins. The AI-generated output, shown here, highlights lung abnormalities to support early risk assessment and personalized patient care.

CT-based AI model predicts pneumonitis in lung cancer patients

The algorithm outperformed clinical and radiomics models in these patients.

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Representative longitudinal chest CT images and five-year parametric response mapping (PRM), pulmonary vascular CT reconstructions, and hyperpolarized xenon-129 (Xe-129) ventilation MRI scans from survivors of nonsevere and severe COVID-19 pneumonia. (A–F) Images in a 68-year-old male survivor of nonsevere COVID-19 pneumonia, (G–L) 62-year-old male survivor of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, and (M–R) 55-year-old male survivor of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. For each participant, the first three columns show coronal chest CT images from the acute phase (A, G, M), two-year follow-up (B, H, N), and five-year follow-up (C, I, O) (left to right). The fourth column (D, J, P) shows a coronal PRM image for each participant at five-year follow-up derived from paired inspiratory and expiratory CT scans, showing the spatial distribution of lung functional categories. Green indicates normal lung tissue, yellow indicates functional small airway disease, and red indicates emphysema. The second-to-last column shows volume-rendered small pulmonary vessel visualization (red) at five-year follow-up per participant (E, K, Q). The column on the far right (F, L, R) shows a hyperpolarized Xe-129 MRI ventilation defect percentage (VDP) map at five-year follow-up per participant. Dark blue represents high Xe-129 signal intensity, corresponding to well-ventilated lung regions, whereas red represents no Xe-129 signal intensity, corresponding to ventilation defects. At five-year follow-up, the 68-year-old survivor of nonsevere COVID-19 pneumonia (top row) showed near-complete radiologic resolution, no respiratory symptoms, and preserved pulmonary function. In contrast, the 62-year-old survivor of severe COVID-19 pneumonia (middle row) showed persistent fibrotic linear opacities without respiratory symptoms and mildly reduced pulmonary function. The 55-year-old survivor of severe COVID-19 pneumonia (bottom row) showed persistent scattered fibrotic linear opacities and focal emphysematous changes in both lungs, with dyspnea and impaired gas exchange function. The VDP values obtained from F, L, and R were 7.7%, 7.1%, and 6.3%, respectively.

What are the effects of COVID-19 pneumonia after 5 years?

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